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  <div class="section" id="interprocess-communication-and-networking">
<span id="ipc"></span><h1>18. Interprocess Communication and Networking<a class="headerlink" href="#interprocess-communication-and-networking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide mechanisms for different processes
to communicate.</p>
<p>Some modules only work for two processes that are on the same machine, e.g.
<a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#module-signal" title="signal: Set handlers for asynchronous events."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html#module-mmap" title="mmap: Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap</span></tt></a>.  Other modules support networking protocols
that two or more processes can use to communicate across machines.</p>
<p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html">18.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt> &#8212; Low-level networking interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#socket-families">18.1.1. Socket families</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-contents">18.1.2. Module contents</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#exceptions">18.1.2.1. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#constants">18.1.2.2. Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#functions">18.1.2.3. Functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#creating-sockets">18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#other-functions">18.1.2.3.2. Other functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#socket-objects">18.1.3. Socket Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#notes-on-socket-timeouts">18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#timeouts-and-the-connect-method">18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect</span></tt> method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#timeouts-and-the-accept-method">18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></tt> method</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#example">18.1.5. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html">18.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></tt> &#8212; TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#socket-creation">18.2.1.1. Socket creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#context-creation">18.2.1.2. Context creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#random-generation">18.2.1.3. Random generation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#certificate-handling">18.2.1.4. Certificate handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#constants">18.2.1.5. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-sockets">18.2.2. SSL Sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-contexts">18.2.3. SSL Contexts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#certificates">18.2.4. Certificates</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#certificate-chains">18.2.4.1. Certificate chains</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ca-certificates">18.2.4.2. CA certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#examples">18.2.5. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#client-side-operation">18.2.5.2. Client-side operation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#server-side-operation">18.2.5.3. Server-side operation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#security-considerations">18.2.7. Security considerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#best-defaults">18.2.7.1. Best defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#manual-settings">18.2.7.2. Manual settings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#verifying-certificates">18.2.7.2.1. Verifying certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#protocol-versions">18.2.7.2.2. Protocol versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#cipher-selection">18.2.7.2.3. Cipher selection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#multi-processing">18.2.7.3. Multi-processing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html">18.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></tt> &#8212; Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#dev-poll-polling-objects">18.3.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/dev/poll</span></tt> Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#polling-objects">18.3.3. Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#kqueue-objects">18.3.4. Kqueue Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#kevent-objects">18.3.5. Kevent Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html">18.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">selectors</span></tt> &#8211; High-level I/O multiplexing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html#introduction">18.4.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html#classes">18.4.2. Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html#examples">18.4.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html">18.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></tt> &#8211; Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html">18.5.1. Base Event Loop</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#run-an-event-loop">18.5.1.1. Run an event loop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#calls">18.5.1.2. Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#delayed-calls">18.5.1.3. Delayed calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#coroutines">18.5.1.4. Coroutines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-connections">18.5.1.5. Creating connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-listening-connections">18.5.1.6. Creating listening connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-file-descriptors">18.5.1.7. Watch file descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#low-level-socket-operations">18.5.1.8. Low-level socket operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#resolve-host-name">18.5.1.9. Resolve host name</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#connect-pipes">18.5.1.10. Connect pipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#unix-signals">18.5.1.11. UNIX signals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#executor">18.5.1.12. Executor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#error-handling-api">18.5.1.13. Error Handling API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#debug-mode">18.5.1.14. Debug mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#server">18.5.1.15. Server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#handle">18.5.1.16. Handle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-examples">18.5.1.17. Event loop examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#hello-world-with-call-soon">18.5.1.17.1. Hello World with call_soon()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#display-the-current-date-with-call-later">18.5.1.17.2. Display the current date with call_later()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-a-file-descriptor-for-read-events">18.5.1.17.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloop.html#set-signal-handlers-for-sigint-and-sigterm">18.5.1.17.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html">18.5.2. Event loops</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#event-loop-functions">18.5.2.1. Event loop functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#available-event-loops">18.5.2.2. Available event loops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#platform-support">18.5.2.3. Platform support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#windows">18.5.2.3.1. Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#mac-os-x">18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#event-loop-policies-and-the-default-policy">18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#event-loop-policy-interface">18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-eventloops.html#access-to-the-global-loop-policy">18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html">18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#coroutines">18.5.3.1. Coroutines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#example-hello-world-coroutine">18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#example-coroutine-displaying-the-current-date">18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#example-chain-coroutines">18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#invalidstateerror">18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#timeouterror">18.5.3.3. TimeoutError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#future">18.5.3.4. Future</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#example-future-with-run-until-complete">18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#example-future-with-run-forever">18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever()</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#task">18.5.3.5. Task</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#example-parallel-execution-of-tasks">18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-task.html#task-functions">18.5.3.6. Task functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html">18.5.4. Transports  and protocols (low-level API)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#transports">18.5.4.1. Transports</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#basetransport">18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#readtransport">18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#writetransport">18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#datagramtransport">18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#basesubprocesstransport">18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#protocols">18.5.4.2. Protocols</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#protocol-classes">18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#connection-callbacks">18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#streaming-protocols">18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-protocols">18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#flow-control-callbacks">18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#coroutines-and-protocols">18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#protocol-examples">18.5.4.3. Protocol examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-client-protocol">18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-server-protocol">18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-client-protocol">18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-server-protocol">18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-protocol.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-a-protocol">18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html">18.5.5. Streams (high-level API)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#stream-functions">18.5.5.1. Stream functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#streamreader">18.5.5.2. StreamReader</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#streamwriter">18.5.5.3. StreamWriter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#streamreaderprotocol">18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#incompletereaderror">18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#stream-examples">18.5.5.6. Stream examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-client-using-streams">18.5.5.6.1. TCP echo client using streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-server-using-streams">18.5.5.6.2. TCP echo server using streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#get-http-headers">18.5.5.6.3. Get HTTP headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-stream.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-streams">18.5.5.6.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-subprocess.html">18.5.6. Subprocess</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio-subprocess.html#windows-event-loop">18.5.6.1. Windows event loop</a></li>
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